EARTH 530
The Critical Zone

Course Structure

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The Learning Environment

EARTH 530 will be conducted entirely on the World Wide Web. There are no set class meeting times, but you will be required to complete weekly assignments. Registered students in this course will need to navigate between several environments in the World Wide Web. These include:

  • This Web site - The instructional materials in this site consist of seven units of study, each including multiple pages of text, graphics, and activities. Activities prompt readers to explore selected Web sites, to download data and/or software, or to tackle other adventures. Registered students are also prompted to navigate to Canvas to participate in class discussions and to submit assignments.
  • Canvas (http://psu.instructure.com)—Penn State's course management system. In Canvas, registered students consult course calendars, communicate with instructors and fellow students, submit assignments, receive feedback from the instructor, take online quizzes and surveys, and check assignments' scores and course grades. Note that a link to Canvas appears in the main menu. In Canvas, you will find links back to this site from corresponding lessons under the Modules tab.
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Students who register for this Penn State course gain access to assignments and instructor feedback, and earn academic credit. Information about Penn State's Online Geospatial Education programs is available at the Geospatial Education Program Office.

Topics of Study

This course is organized into seven units. The structure was chosen to include a focus on the four driving questions which active scholars have identified as the most important for understanding the "Critical Zone". The science lesson in the first unit will introduce you to the concept of the Critical Zone. Units 2 through 6 will cover issues related to soil, the atmosphere and climate, water, landforms, and ecosystems, respectively, as they relate to Critical Zone studies. Finally in Unit 7, with your newly attained knowledge of the Critical Zone, we will integrate the lessons learned in Units 2 through 6 into an Earth Systems framework and consider the impacts of human society on the Critical Zone. We will also revisit the outstanding questions in Critical Zone science and consider the implications of the state of the Critical Zone to the overall health of life on Earth.

As further outlined below, the course consists of twelve lessons divided into the seven aforementioned units. Lessons will be completed at a rate of one per week and each contains interactive exercises, links, animations, movies, and novel explanations of the basic scientific principles of Critical Zone science.

The first page of content for each lesson contains an overview of what that lesson will cover, including a list of any "external" reading assignments (articles, book chapters, etc.) and a list of "deliverables" (things you have to submit for that lesson).

UNIT 1 (Lesson 1) - THE CRITICAL ZONE
Week 1
Lesson 1
  • Definition of the Critical Zone—what is it?
  • The importance of the Critical Zone—why should we care?
  • The state of the Critical Zone
  • Outstanding questions in Critical Zone science regarding:
    • ecosystem nourishment
    • soil and water resources
    • chemical and physical weathering
    • gas and particulate fluxes to the atmosphere
    • human (and other) perturbations
UNIT 2 (Lesson 2) - SOIL
Week 2
Lesson 2
  • What is soil? How does it form? How is soil studied and classified?
  • The importance of soil - why should we care?
  • How is soil geographically distributed?
  • Threats to soil
  • How are soils mapped and how can you determine soil types in any region of the United States?
UNIT 3 (Lessons 3 - 5) - CLIMATE
Week 3
Lesson 3
  • Introduction to the atmosphere
  • Overview of the climate system
  • C cycle and atmospheric CO2
  • Basic atmospheric chemistry
  • Greenhouse gases
  • Radiative forcing
  • Physical climate processes and feedbacks
  • Regional climate issues
Week 4
Lesson 4
  • Paleoclimatology—climate variability and change
  • Evolution of atmosphere and ocean system
  • Abrupt climate change
Week 5
Lesson 5
  • Regional climate change in the United States
  • Links between the atmosphere and soil
  • Predictions of changes to soil associated with climate change
  • Future climate change
    • Predictive models
      • Atmospheric carbon dioxide content
      • Temperature and precipitation
      • Storminess
      • Sea level
UNIT 4 (Lessons 6 - 7) - CLIMATE
Week 6
Lesson 6
  • The role of the ocean in the water cycle
  • The difference between evaporation, sublimation and evapotranspiration
  • The difference between condensation and precipitation
  • Various reservoirs in which water is stored in and moves through the Critical Zone
  • The difference between surface runoff and streamflow
  • The distribution of water on Earth and in the Critical Zone
  • Human influences on water distribution and quality
  • The use of online surface water data
  • Basic chemistry of some natural waters
Week 7
Lesson 7
  • The difference between soil and groundwater, and the vadose and saturated zones
  • Basic concepts of groundwater flow
  • How the water cycle is linked to biologic (including humans) and other processes active in the Critical Zone
  • How to access and use on-line groundwater data
UNIT 5 (Lessons 8 - 9) - LANDFORMS
Week 8
Lesson 8
  • Basic geologic concepts
  • Rock types and the rock cycle
  • Plate tectonics
  • Geologic time
  • Weathering, erosion, and deposition
  • Geologic maps
Week 9
Lesson 9
  • Geomorphology and relationship between topography and soil formation
  • Coastal processes and landforms
  • Karst processes and landforms
  • Glacial and periglacial processes and landforms
  • Wind processes and landforms
  • Fluvial processes and landforms
  • Aerial photographic analysis of landforms
UNIT 6 (Lessons 10 - 11) - BIOTA
Week 10
Lesson 10
  • What is biodiversity? How is it measured?
  • How is life classified and how is biodiversity measured?
  • How do organisms interact with their environment and influence the flow of water, energy and nutrients?
  • Do ecosystem processes have value?
  • How do the topics of biodiversity and ecology relate to the Critical Zone?
Week 11
Lesson 11
  • Global biome characterization
  • Climate-biome relationship
  • Climate-biome links to soil and the Critical Zone
  • Land cover and land-use maps
  • Soil biodiversity and ecology
UNIT 7 (Lesson 12) - RETURN TO THE CRITICAL ZONE
Week 12
Lesson 12
  • What is a system? What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative system modeling?
  • How (and when) have humans altered global erosion rates?
  • What are the consequences of human domination of ecosystems?
  • How is human-induced climate change expected to alter the hydrologic cycle?
  • What global-scale, human-induced changes can be observed in soils? What is the role of agriculture in these changes?
  • What are some of the consequences of changes to our soils?
  • Are there adaptive actions humanity can take to lessen negative impacts to the Critical Zone and soils?

Course Assignments

EARTH 530 will rely upon a variety of methods to assess and evaluate your learning progress, including:

  • Lesson assignments, such as short papers and reports, that require you to apply lesson concepts and to provide opportunities for instructors to gauge your progress.
  • Required participation in online class discussion forums where you will reflect on how to apply lesson topics and concepts to your own teaching and learning environment.
  • Four unit projects that will require you to apply the principles you have learned to various scientific inquiries of Earth surface processes in the Critical Zone. The unit projects will each involve an exercise that engages scientific methodologies to understand some aspect of Critical Zone processes. In most of these you will perform a study that is specific to your region of the state/country so that you can easily incorporate the exercise into your classroom. However, in some cases, lessons [or concepts] are best examined using specific examples from a select region of the country. In this case, you will still have crafted an exercise that can be incorporated into your classroom, but it may not seem as immediately relevant to your students’ lives, so I will work with you to potentially make these exercises as regionally specific as possible. A final report, not to exceed five pages of double-spaced, single-sided pages (including references) will be expected for each unit project; figures can be included on additional pages.
  • A semester project that will require you to use the skills and knowledge you develop in the course to produce a learning module that you, in turn, will be able to use to teach course concepts to your own secondary school students.

NOTE: All formal written assignments must be double-spaced in 12 point Times Roman font.