The framework of this Case Study reflects actual Pennsylvania policy and data. All information about stakeholders, especially assessments related to the likelihood of participation in nonmarket action and the strategy that may or may not be evoked is the author's opinion and presented in a manner to best demonstrate the lesson content of this course. This Case Study does not necessarily represent the actual position or strategy held or planned by any named stakeholder.
Do you support or oppose [1]Senate Bill 300 [2]?
In 2004, Pennsylvania enacted the Alternative Energy Portfolio Standards (AEPS) Act [3] ("Act 213 [4]"), which provides “for the sale of electric energy generated from renewable and environmentally beneficial sources, for the acquisition of electric energy generated from renewable and environmentally beneficial sources by electric distribution and supply companies and for the powers and duties of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission.” Here [5]is the full text of the Public Utility Commission's Implementation Order, if you are inclined.
The type of policy covered by the AEPS Act exists in other states where it is most often called “Renewable Portfolio Standards" (RPS). For a full description of RPS programs across the country, including definitions, data and summary maps, see the Database of State Incentives for Renewable and Efficiency (DSIRE) website [6](You can search for Renewables Portfolio Standard under "program type." [7]). DSIRE is well-known, and dare I say the "go to" website for information about national and state-by-state energy policies in the U.S. The most current AEPS data available for Pennsylvania is 2021, as shown in the graphs and tables below.
Among other things, the AEPS Act established that a certain percentage of the electricity sold in Pennsylvania must come from renewable energy sources and a specific percent must come from solar energy. (The latter is often referred to as a “solar carve out,” for obvious reasons.)
The exact percentages that must come from solar per Act 213 are shown here, in chart and table form.
To comply with the Act, businesses that sell electricity in Pennsylvania are required to submit alternative energy credits (AECs) corresponding to the currently required percentage. (The term “AEC” is specific to PA and means the same thing as renewable energy credit or “REC”, the more widely used terminology.)
A REC is an electronic certificate indicating that 1,000 kWhs (1,000 kWh = 1 MWh) of electricity has been generated from renewable fuel sources. When the fuel source is solar, it is usually called an SREC ("solar renewable energy credit"), but is officially termed an SAEC ("solar alternative energy credit") in Pennsylvania. Moving forward in this course, all solar credits will be referred to as SRECs to avoid confusion.
Solar electric systems have a power rating that indicates their capacity to generate electricity from the sun. Power ratings are given in Watts. A kilowatt (kW) equals 1,000 Watts and a megawatt (MW) equals 1,000,000 watts. Electricity that is generated is energy measured in watt-hours, often kilowatt hours (kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh). (For a review of energy and power, feel free to re-engage with the EGEE 102 course website [9]).
For example, a home in Pennsylvania with a 5 kW solar electric system will likely generate about 6,000 kWh per year (this depends on a lot of factors such as shading and orientation/azimuth). The owners of this system will earn six SRECs per year since 6,000 kWh = 6 MWh. These owners can sell their SRECs to the businesses (utilities) in PA that must comply with the AEPS. As long as the system is grid-tied (connected to the electrical grid), the owners are entitled to earn and trade SRECs. It does not matter where the electricity is used or by whom. Please note that partial SRECs are not always accepted for sale. Annual SREC totals from an individual supplier thus may be rounded down to the nearest whole SREC. (So even if the above mentioned system generated 6,200 kWh or even 6,900 kWh, they may only get credit for 6 SRECs.) Pennsylvania allows partial SRECs, so they can be included in SREC calculations.
When a utility is forced (by the AEPS Act) to buy SRECs, it adds to the cost of electricity because they must be allowed to recover these extra costs. This causes the price of electricity to rise for all customers (“ratepayers”), however minimal. The more SRECs the business must purchase and the higher the cost of the SRECs, the greater the increase in electricity prices for all ratepayers. (Keep in mind that this rate increase is almost certainly minimal, significantly less than $0.01 per kWh.)
SRECs are most often traded on the open market, though some special SREC incentive programs and auctions exist in some states. They are essentially auctioned off to businesses who need to purchase them. [For more detail about how this process works, see PJM EIS [10], the administrator of the Generation Attribute Tracking System (GATS). This video [11] provides a nice summary of how RECs are generated and tracked].
Solar electric system owners want to get as high a price as possible for their SRECs. The businesses that must comply with the AEPS want to pay as low a price as possible. The actual price (“settlement price”) is set by supply and demand (again, there are special auctions in some states, but this is the exception, rather than the rule).
The percentages in the AEPS drive demand. The higher the percentage, the greater the number of required SRECs for compliance. This demand, in turn, drives supply. If a small business owner is thinking of putting in solar, the prospect of being able to sell SRECs may make the owner more inclined to pony up the significant capital that is required to install a solar electric system. The potential for SREC revenue may also make the bank more likely to approve a loan for the installation.
In 2008, the average settlement price in Pennsylvania for an SREC was $230. In 2009, the average was $260. (Note that this is $0.26/kWh, which was approximately double the cost of electricity at that time.) In 2010, the average was $325. In January 2012, the settlement price was $20 and by December of 2016 it had dropped to $7! (The price has been hovering in the $45 range in the summer of 2022 [12]. As a point of reference, SREC prices were in the $220 - $230 range in New Jersey and $340 - $400 range (!) in Washington, DC throughout 2021. For real-time pricing of these and other regional state markets, see Flett Exchange [13] or SRECTrade [14].) The images below provide a snapshot of PA prices in 2010 when prices were good, and in 2020 - 21, when they were significantly lower.
What happened? In 2009, Pennsylvania opened a rebate program for solar projects (solar electric and solar hot water). Along with other temporary factors, this caused the industry in Pennsylvania to surge—installing 46.5 MW in 2010. (In 2009, 4.4 MW were installed.) In fact, according to the Interstate Renewable Energy Council [16], Pennsylvania was 6th in the country in 2010 for newly installed solar electric capacity.
This surge in supply swamped the percentage of solar electricity required by the AEPS and SREC prices plunged. The consequences of this were widespread. Consumer interest in buying and installing new systems dropped considerably. With SREC returns this low, lenders would not finance projects. Solar installers closed shop or moved out of state. Existing solar installations were in trouble with revenue from SRECs falling far below expectations.
In response, a bill was proposed in the state House of Representatives that would accelerate the ramp-up of required percentages for solar electricity. The proposed increase for years June 2012 - May 2013 to June 2015 - June 2016 is shown in the figure below.
In addition to increasing the RPS percentages in the near term, the bill would also “close” PA borders. Under the original policy, electricity retailers can buy SRECs from a solar generation facility anywhere within the PJM region, which includes all or parts of Delaware, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.
Sponsored by Chris Ross (R-Chester), PA House Bill 1580 had 111 co-sponsors [17]. However, neither the House nor Senate was able to put it to vote before the legislative session ended and the 2012 election took place. Since then, several new bills have been announced to revise the AEPS targets but as of yet, none have been put to vote. In principle, this "issue" remains alive in PA. However, in April of 2018, the PA Public Utility Commission (PA PUC) issued a final implementation order [18] to Act 40 of 2017. This Act achieves part of PA House Bill 1580 by requiring all new SRECs to be generated by facilities inside of the state's borders. There are some exceptions, notably SREC contracts signed with out-of-state systems prior to October 30, 2017 and SRECs that have been "banked" (saved for future years), which can be used for a period of 3 years. Flett Exchange summarizes Act 40 of 2017 thus: "The commission ruled that unless an out of state solar facility has a binding contract for their SRECs with a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) buyer prior to October 30th 2017 the out of state solar facility will no longer have PA state certification on their SRECs after October 30th 2017. The SRECs generated (month of generation) prior to October 30th 2017 from an out of state solar facility will retain their PA state certification and the SRECs remain eligible for the full 3 compliance years."
Senate Bill 501 [19] is a bipartisan bill that was introduced in April of 2021, but died in subcommittee. According to SRECTrade, the bill would have "increase the state’s Tier I requirement from 8% to 18% by 2026..., increase the state’s solar carve-out from 0.5% at present to 5.5%, with 3.75% of the carve-out being sourced from in-state utility-scale solar (projects larger than 5 MW) and 1.75% from in-state distributed solar (smaller, interconnected residential and commercial projects). Notably, the legislation would also establish a limit on the cost of alternative energy credits (AECs, PA’s renewable energy credits) and facilitate long-term contracting in an effort to help minimize ratepayer impacts. Lastly, the legislation would also initiate a study on renewable energy storage in the state." (Source: SRECTrade [20], April 2021). It is not clear if it has enough support to pass, but it is a rare piece of major renewable energy legislation that is bipartisan.
Senate Bill 300 [2] (introduced as SB 230):
The above information on SB 300 was found on the State legislative tracking website: Center, L. D. P. (n.d.). Senate Co-Sponsorship Memoranda. The Official Website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly. https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/Legis/CSM/showMemoPublic.cfm?chambe... [21]
Required Reading:
Pennsylvania Has Fallen Behind on Clean Energy Goals, but New Leadership in Harrisburg Could Give Rise to Policy Changes [22], Teague, C. (2023).
For a good summary of recently introduced legislation, as well as some other information about solar policy in PA, see this summary [23] from the Pennsylvania Solar Center.
Most of this should be a review from EGEE 102, but this will help provide some perspective on this case study (and help you with this week's assignment!).
When the SREC prices were so high in PA, soon after the AEPS was adopted, it was common to get paybacks in the range of 7-10 years. But now, even with low SREC prices, a building with good solar exposure can usually expect to have a simple payback of 7-10 years or less, depending on financing, state incentives, and a few other considerations. This is mainly due to lower prices for solar panels. In a good SREC market, simple paybacks can be in the sub-5 year range, which was unheard of a few years ago. It is a very dynamic marketplace due to a mixture of market and nonmarket forces!
Links
[1] https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billinfo/billinfo.cfm?syear=2011&sind=0&body=H&type=B&BN=1580
[2] https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/billInfo/billInfo.cfm?sYear=2021&sInd=0&body=S&type=B&bn=300
[3] https://www.puc.state.pa.us/general/consumer_ed/pdf/AEPS_Fact_Sheet.pdf
[4] https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/li/uconsCheck.cfm?yr=2004&sessInd=0&act=213
[5] http://www.pennaeps.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Act129_Phase4FinalOrder.pdf
[6] http://www.dsireusa.org/
[7] http://programs.dsireusa.org/system/program/maps
[8] https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090730/http://paaeps.com/credit/overview.do
[9] https://www.e-education.psu.edu/egee102/
[10] http://www.pjm-eis.com/getting-started.aspx
[11] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZI7pc3rAE7I&list=UU9cR5uHP_PFItl5FVpsywlA
[12] https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/srec/pennsylvania/spot-data
[13] http://www.flettexchange.com/
[14] http://www.srectrade.com/
[15] https://www.flettexchange.com/markets/srec/pennsylvania/historical-data
[16] https://www.e-education.psu.edu/eme444/sites/www.e-education.psu.edu.eme444/files/IREC-Solar-Market-Trends-Report-2010_7-27-10_web1.pdf
[17] http://www.paseia.blogspot.com/
[18] http://www.puc.pa.gov/pcdocs/1562754.pdf
[19] https://legiscan.com/PA/bill/SB501/2021
[20] https://www.srectrade.com/blog/srec-markets/pennsylvania-alternative-energy-portfolio-standard-aeps-expansion-legislation-introduced
[21] https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/Legis/CSM/showMemoPublic.cfm?chamber=S&SPick=20230&cosponId=40010
[22] https://www.theenergy.coop/blog/pennsylvania-has-fallen-behind-on-clean-energy-goals-but-new-leadership-in-harrisburg-could-give-rise-to-policy-changes/
[23] https://pasolarcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/PA-State-Solar-Legislative-Guide.2023-2024_final.pdf
[24] http://www.seia.org/policy/distributed-solar/net-metering