There are two types of errors that concern us the most in geospatial data generation, and those are random error and systematic error. The third type, which is what we call blunders, is not considered an error, but we need to understand it and deal with it appropriately.
Random Error (or accidental error) is the type of error that randomly happens in nature due to our, or the instrument’s, incapability in realizing the true value. The true value in any measurement process is elusive to us and is beyond our metaphysical power. In a measuring process, we are only estimating the true value. Random error can be reduced by training, experience, and improved quality, but it cannot be eliminated.
Systematic Error: Is the error that has a repeated constant value and follows a mathematical logic. It can be reduced through calibration.
Blunders: A blunder is not an error; it is a mistake resulting from carelessness or negligence that resembles error. Common causes of blunders in surveying and mapping are: