The following two pages include a look at coastal communities around the world and their relative vulnerability to coastal flooding, based on research. These materials are important to developing a context for the course and can also form a foundation for the Capstone Project. These pages include Learning Check Points designed to help enhance your understanding. These questions are asked for your benefit; you are encouraged to answer them, since they frequently introduce methods and applications that you will need to use again during graded assessments and in your Capstone. They are not for credit, but you need to take the time to do them as they are often required knowledge for other assessments.
To get started on the Module 1 Learning Check Points, click the first link below or use the menu.
Take a few minutes to read "Population Plus Climate: Why Coastal Cities Will Face Increased Risks From Floods: A new study names the global cities most at risk at coastal flooding - both today and in a warmer future" [1] (Time Magazine, Aug. 20, 2013). After reading the article, please answer the questions below. Note: There is no credit for this activity, but you are expected to know the material for quizzes.
In the report published in the journal Nature Climate Change in 2013, authors from the World Bank and other institutions created a ranking system for vulnerability of coastal cities around the world. In the report, the authors “provide a quantification of present and future flood losses in the 136 largest coastal cities”. (Hallegatte et al, 2013).
The measure used for ranking is Average Annual Loss (caused by flooding). If the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), a measure of the wealth of the community, is factored in, this changes the ranking as a greater proportion of the GDP of poorer communities is likely to be affected by a flooding event. This causes poorer communities to rank higher when the GDP is included in the calculation. It is a known fact that the poor are disproportionally impacted by a catastrophic event such as a flood, as they have less capacity for recovery.
Several factors must be taken into account to calculate a city's vulnerability and to project this vulnerability into the future - see below (those cities with lower country GDP have greater % of GDP affected by flood loss):
These factors will be studied in more detail later in the course. In this module, we will explore some of the data from the above-referenced report and take a look at the cities that rank in the top 10 of the 136 cities at risk of coastal flooding.
In Module 1 Lab, you will use Google Earth to “travel” to at least two of these cities to learn what makes them vulnerable.
To prepare for the Module 1 assessments, read through "Which Coastal Cities Are at Highest Risk of Damaging Floods? [2] New Study Crunches the Numbers" The World Bank, August 19, 2013.
List A - City - Overall Cost (Average Annual Loss) | AAL (US$ Million) | List B - City - AAL as of % of City GDP | AAL as % of GDP |
---|---|---|---|
1. Guangzhou, China | 687 | 1.Guangzhou, China | 1.32 |
2. Miami, USA | 672 | 2. New Orleans, USA | 1.21 |
3. New York, USA | 628 | 3. Guayaquil, Ecuador | .95 |
4. New Orleans, USA | 507 | 4. Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam | .74 |
5. Mumbai, India | 284 | 5. Abidjan, Ivory Coast | .72 |
6. Nagoya, Japan | 260 | 6. Zhanjiang, China | .50 |
7. Tampa, USA | 244 | 7. Mumbai, India | .47 |
8. Boston, USA | 237 | 8. Khulna, Bangladesh | .43 |
9. Shenzhen, China | 169 | 9. Palembang, Indonesia | .39 |
10. Osaka, Japan | 120 | 10. Shenzhen, China | .38 |
In List A, the top four cities alone (3 of which are in the US) account for 43% of the forecast total global losses. Highlighted in red are the cities that appear on both lists.
Note: There is no credit for this activity, but you are expected to understand the principles (i.e., don't learn the ranking or the data) for assessments.