PrintModule 5 Overview
You just read over a lot of information that is not controversial in the scientific community, but is controversial in some public and political discussions. For a little perspective, watch the short video below that we shot for you in Rocky Mountain National Park. Dr. Alley and others teach a class on Geology of National Parks, and we talk about earthquakes and volcanoes, and how rocks such as these, that were almost melted deep in the Earth, came to be sitting up here in Rocky Mountain. In class we note that earthquakes and volcanoes affect us, and they depend on convection currents deep in the Earth’s mantle, something like the currents in a pot of spaghetti cooking on the stove, and such currents help explain the rocks here. And the people say “Great, let’s get to the earthquakes and volcanoes.”
But, with the same people, suppose we say “Climate affects us, and carbon dioxide from our fossil fuels is turning up the thermostat.” Many of them say “How do we know that fossil fuels make carbon dioxide? How do we know carbon dioxide is rising? How do we know our fossil fuels are responsible? How do we know carbon dioxide affects climate? How do we know temperatures are rising? How do we know the rising temperatures are from the carbon dioxide? How do we…”
Now, the science of what’s convecting beneath our feet is based on hundreds, thousands of scientists working over decades, collecting and analyzing rocks and seismic records, hypothesizing and testing, arguing and agreeing. The science is not done, but it’s very good.
The science of what’s above us in the climate is actually older. Climate science is more successfully predictive, and better tested. But, because it matters more to money, we argue about climate science more.
Burning fossil fuels doesn’t make the “stuff” in them just go away; it makes carbon dioxide. In the US, we’re putting up about 20 tons per person per year. The warming effect is physics, known for over a century and really refined by the US Air Force after WWII for purposes such as sensors on heat-seeking missiles. There isn’t an alternative, there isn’t another side, there is just the reality that we are raising carbon dioxide, that is raising the planet’s thermostat, and climate affects us. Some people think we scientists are being overly dramatic, others think we’re being too conservative.
What really matters to most people is not radiation interacting with atmospheric gases, but home and food and friends. So, let's look at what climate change might mean to them.
Video: How do we Know? Rocky Mountain National Park (4:41)
DR RICHARD ALLEY: It's beautiful here in Rocky Mountain National Park. I teach a class in the Geology of the National Parks. And we talk about questions like, why are those huge mountains there? And why are they made of rocks that were deep in the earth not that long ago where it was really hot and they were sitting under some volcano? And then we talk about volcanoes, and earthquakes, and things that matter to people. And we talk about these grade convection cells deep in the mantle that drive the drifting continents and the tectonic plates and that are ultimately responsible for the volcanoes and earthquakes that people worry about it.
We talk about the sun heating that mountain and later in the afternoon that heat will cause the air to rise. It will be causing big, poofy white clouds and those clouds may lead to hailstorms, and tornadoes, and things that matter to people. And when we talk about these circulations in the earth or the circulations in the air, most people say, yeah, yeah, yeah, get on to the exciting stuff-- the volcanoes or the tornadoes that we're really interested in.
We also talk about the fact that the sun shines through the air and heats the mountain, but the mountain is radiating longer waves infrared back to space. And because there's CO2 and water vapor in the air, we are warmer than we otherwise would be, because they are blocking some of that heat that the mountain is sending back to space.
That CO2 in the air we are raising because we're burning fossil fuels. And at that point a whole lot of people were very happy with convection currents in the mantle or in the atmosphere start to say, wait a minute, how do we know there's CO2 in the air? How do we know that CO2 is blocking heat? How do we know that humans are raising the CO2? Does that matter to us at all? And we get off on a discussion of technical points of science that people are very happy to accept similar things when it doesn't matter to them as much.
Now the physics of the atmosphere are in many ways easier then the physics of what's underneath our feet. What's under our feet, our understanding of these convection currents in the mountain building is based on work by 100,000 of scientists working over decades proposing new ideas, making predictions that differ from predictions of other ideas and seeing which ones work. Throwing away what doesn't work, keeping what's left as a provisional estimators of the truth, and moving forward in that science.
The physics of the atmosphere is based on work, probably by more scientists working longer. The greenhouse effect of our CO2 has been understood for more than a century, and it's really based on physics. It was refined by the Air Force right after World War II. Now the Air Force wasn't doing global warming. They were doing things such as heat seeking missiles. You can see the infrared coming from the hot engine of an enemy bomber. And if you have the right sensor on your missile, you can follow that and shoot down the enemy. But if you have the wrong sensor, CO2 blocks that radiation.
There's a little bit of radiation comes down from enemy bombers. There's much more comes up from the sun warmed earth. The CO2 in the air doesn't care what made the radiation, it interacts with it. And so the physics of how greenhouse gases warm the earth, of how our of CO2 warms the earth is really, really solid. And it's been known for a very long time. And that, plus the fact that we in the US are putting up something like 20 tons of CO2 per person, per year is really all you need to know to realize this matters. So let's go and take a look at the really solid physics and what it means.